Concept of Organisational Behaviour

TASK 1

P1 Ways in which culture, power and politics affect the behaviour and Performance

Organisation behaviour refers to a way people make interaction with others and develop effective relationship. It shows two main concern of company that are- nature of business and nature of people working there (Boje, Burnes and Hassard, 2011). Therefore, both aspects of business are directly impact on performance of employees and success of business as well.  BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) is a public organisation of UK which is established in year 1992 by John Reith in London. It offers radio and television broadcasting services in all over the world. This company follows flat organisational culture that allows its management to maintain a small chain of authority. This would help in empowering employees in performing multiple roles as well as eventually prepare them for entrepreneurial and innovative organisational culture. In this regard, some factors are mentioned below which impact on performance and behaviour of employees:-

Organisational culture: It can be defined as values, mission and vision of a company which affects directly the performance of workers. In this regard, main mission of BBC is to get high satisfaction of customers by providing them best services (Laforet, 2011). For achievement of this mission, managers concern on recognising and rewarding the employees for their contribution. By giving attention to performance of workers and staff members, this company develop job satisfaction in them as well as motivate them for providing better services to customers. This would help in creating and maintaining positive environment at workplace as well. Along with this, by providing open culture at organisation, helps in developing creativity and transparency also. This would empower workers to give their best contribution in success and growth of business.

Power: Culture plays an important role in influencing workers towards achievement of business objectives. It also helps in defining the power establishes within an organisation that shows how effectively workers are performing their duties. For example: If there is a diverse culture at workplace then under such environment, generally people of different background feel unable to adjust themselves. Therefore, under this process, managers of BBC having power to influence them to work in collaboration by developing good relations in them.

Politics: It generally lowers the output of business as well as eventually affects performance and productivity of business too. It has analysed that people who play bad politics at company, gets less attention and respect for their work. Such persons are always busy in back-biting and leg-pulling activities (Andersson, Jackson and Russell, 2013). Therefore, it creates negativity at workplace as well as affects performance of others also. In this regard, managers of BBC monitor entire activities of workplace to ensure that any kind of such activities cannot happen at workplace. They always try to develop and maintain healthy environment within workplace which improves productivity and performance of workers as well.

TASK 2

P2 Methods to motivate individual and group of employees

Since workers in any company are considered as main asset whose retention helps in giving a tough competition to rivals. Therefore, it is necessary for organisations to concern on needs and demand of employees. By completing their basic necessities and fulfil demand on time, companies can motivate workers to give high contribution for achievement of business objectives. In context with BBC, it has a diverse culture at workplace where more than 21,000 workers are currently working (Wagner and et. al., 2012). These employees get employment on full-time, part-time, fixed-contract and temporary basis. By getting cooperation of such large number of staff members, this company get chance to gain sustainability and competitive advantage among other broadcasting companies. For motivating workers, managers of BBC use two kinds of motivation factors:-

Extrinsic: This type of motivation technique concerns on some external factors to encourage people and boost their morale. It includes incentives, extra money for additional work, bonus, incentives, high pay scale etc.

Intrinsic: It includes those factors which develop job satisfaction under employees and keep them happy at workplace (Colquitt and et. al., 2011). For example: Timely rewards for high performances, promotions, job transfers, pension and insurance plan etc.

Along with this, managers of BBC also adopt some theories of motivation for getting satisfied customers. These theories are classified in two major aspects- Process and Content. Process theories concern on fulfilment of basic needs of people at workplace and assist a company to create healthy environment in business. It includes Maslow, Herzberg, Alderfer Adams and more. While in place of this, content theories which are also known as need theories focuses more on retention of employees for longer period and motivate accordingly. Goal-Setting, Hertzberg two factors and more are taken as content theories (Glendon, Clarke and McKenna, 2016). In this regard, some motivational theories adopted by management of BBC are mentioned as below:-

Maslow's Need Hierarchy Theory

It is a motivational theory which consists of five-tier of basic human needs. It is given by Abraham Maslow to understand human needs in context of organization. There are mainly five levels in this theory that are mentioned below:

• Physiological needs: This theory depicts needs of basic nature which includes water, air, food, clothing, shelter and breathing. These are some basic amenities of life which every individual wants to posses. It is the basic responsibility of managers of BBC to provide their workers appropriate salaries with the help of which an employee can purchase basic need of life (Fagbohungbe, Akinbode and Ayodeji, 2012).
• Safety needs: As far this theory is concerned; it includes needs like emotional safety, job security, health and family safety, financial security and physical safety. Employers of BBC must provide their employees safe and healthy work environment, benefits on retirement and job security (Demir, 2011). This will help them to gain trust of their workers and they will perform in effective manner towards organizational objectives.
• Social needs: It includes need of love, care, respect and affection. According to this an individual want to have feeling of love and affection to lead a life. Management of BBC should promote teamwork this will help them to generate feeling of connection and create smooth communication bridge.
• Esteem needs: It refers to the need of respect and self-confidence. It comprises of confidence and social acceptance from others. In context with BBC, it’s management should reward and appreciate their workers on accomplishing of targets. This will create a healthy competitive working environment in workplace and help company to accomplish their goals in effective way.
• Self-actualization: It includes desire to gain more knowledge and skills. Managers in a company can provide extra challenging environment for their employees in which their skills are fully utilized. Many growth opportunities could be provided to them in order to enhance their performance level and increase company productivity.

Hertzberg Two factor theory

This theory has proposed by Frederick Herzberg in 1959 and also known as dual-theory of motivation (Elstad,  Christophersen and Turmo, 2012). It concerns on two main factors that are- people orientation and job-orientation. As per this theory, it has evaluated that motivators are considered as factors for satisfaction while hygiene as dissatisfaction. Therefore, this theory includes two main factors for motivating people at organisation, as described below:-

• Motivators: This factor assists managers of BBC to recognise contribution of workers in achievement of business success. Further, provide good incentives, appraisals and high benefits to employees help in motivating and encouraging them for better performance.
• Hygiene Factors: It includes those factors which concerns on developing job satisfaction among employees. It includes salary, working environment, relationship among workers and managers, policies and strategies, etc, which are also called extrinsic factors.

TASK 3

P3 Demonstration on Effective Team as compared to Ineffective Team

In order to complete overall functions of business in set period of time, it is necessary for a company to build a team (West and Lyubovnikova, 2013). It has analysed that when workers work in group then they give better performance as well as complete each activity in short-period of interval as well. Therefore, to enhance productivity of employees, managers of BBC are required to engage workers in group-related activities. Along with this, they should assign roles and responsibilities as per skills and abilities of employees also. It will help in extracting better performance of workers also. But to formulate team, it is essential for managers to understand the concept of effective and ineffective team.  

Effective Team: It reflects such kind of team where each member supports each other to complete overall activities of a certain project (Bolino and et. al., 2013). Here every person get opportunity to give opinion and suggestion to make appropriate decisions related to task.

Ineffective Teams: Under this type of team, only few members who are most experienced to enrol in decision-making processes. There is no collaboration in such members also and all work in own manner without interference of others.

Difference between effective and ineffective team:

To organise the task in an effective manner there are various kinds of organisational teams that are optimised by most of the company so that they can perform the task effectively and these are as follows:

Functional team: As per name suggest, this type of team is formed to do a particular functions of a company. Therefore, member of this team are associated with same department and have required abilities to complete a task. It is further incorporated into three main types that are record keeper, team leader and progress chaser.

Problem Solving Team: The main purpose of this kind of team is to deal with problems of business in quick manner where every member has given opportunity to share ideas for resolving issues. Generally, members in such team are belongs to different-different department of a company (Ashkanasy and Humphrey, 2011). Along with this, it also forms on temporary basis as well as can be classified into three major groups that are- Quality, Virtual and Work-based Team.

In order to build effective team, managers of BBC can use Tuckmans' Team Development theory. It provides some four main stages by which a strong team can be developed. It includes:-

TASK 4

P4 Concepts and philosophies of Organisational Behaviour

Organisational behaviour of a company depicts facts which build image of a company at marketplace. It includes various internal and external factors that impact on performance of workers and productivity of business both in negative and positive manner. It includes structure, power, politics, culture, leadership style and more. For increasing the effectiveness and efficiencies of organisational behaviour, it is necessary for managers of BBC to concern on following main concepts:-

• Integrity: To build effective brand image of business at marketplace, BBC needs to provide better services to its customers on affordable rates.
• Respect: To create healthy and positive environment at workplace, its employers need to adopt flat organisational structure. It will help in creating equality and diversity within business where each employee treated equally.
• Responsibility: For increasing efficiencies of business, the managers of BBC should assign roles and responsibilities to each worker as per skills and abilities of them. It will help in extracting best performance of employees as well as gain their support for achievement of set goals and objectives.

Path goal Theory of Leadership

This theory concerns on effective styles of leadership as per working environment of business (Jansen and Samuel, 2014). In context with BBC, to motivate and encourage its employees to perform the task enthusiastically, managers are needed to:-

• Identify different characteristics and needs of staff members.
• Adopt effective leadership styles like democratic, action-oriented or people-oriented and more according to demand of business.
• Concentrate on motivational factors which help in completing basic desires of employees to gain their long-time retention in business.

Environment characteristics

In order to improve performance of team members and increase their productivity, it is necessary for managers and leaders of BBC have to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of each on individual basis. Further, they should provide effective training and development classes so that workers can become able to work as per requirement of business. Leaders should give proper guidance and show correct to team members so that they can work in an appropriate manner.

Leadership styles

For building effective team and gain contribution of each member in achievement of business objectives, managers or leaders of BBC also need to adopt effective style of leadership styles which are directive, participative supportive and cognitive.

Situational Theory of Leadership

This theory is generally used to handle different-different situations of workplace where managers are allowed to change leadership style according to  current situation of workplace (Avey, Palanski and Walumbwa, 2011). It was given Hersey and Blanchard which classified organisational behaviour into four main categories as telling, selling, participating and delegating.

• Inappropriate knowledge of goals: Less or improper knowledge of goals and objectives are considered as main barrier to effective performance of a company. If managers of BBC do not to provide proper information about current goals to team members than it could impact on business in negative manner. In this regard, seniors are required to conduct proper business meeting with team-members and entail them information about current goals in clear and concise manner.
• Unwillingness of employees: It has examined that if workers will unwillingly give their participation in completing activities then it could negatively impact on overall procedures. Along with this, if leaders fail to develop collaboration among team-members then it also creates occurrence of barriers in effective performance. Therefore, managers of BBC are required to give appropriate training to workers. During attending training sessions, workers can interact with each other and develop effective relationship also. This would help further in enrolling them in group-related activities.
• Lack of resources: It is also referred as main barrier in achievement of business objectives because shortage of finance, machines and other resources will decrease confidence level of team-members (Ashkanasy and Humphrey, 2011). To overcome from this barrier, managers of BBC are required to introduce adequate amount of resources first. This would help in boosting confidence among team-members towards completion of project on time.

Therefore, to improve effectiveness of performance of team-members, it is necessary for managers of BBC to concern on such barriers. They should develop appropriate strategies to overcome from these situations so that better outcomes can be achieved.

Conclusion

From this mentioned report it has summarised that success of any company is depended on its organisational behaviour. In this regard, human resources play an important role in increasing efficiency and effectiveness of business. But there are various factors which impact on performance of team-members and individuals. It includes culture, power and politics of organisation where certain members have given opportunity to rule over others. Therefore, to overcome from this issue, companies are concerning more on developing diversity and equality at workplace. For this purpose, they adopt various motivational and leadership theories to develop collaboration among workers. This would help in building effective team also and gain support of each member in achievement of business objectives.

References

• Andersson, L., Jackson, S. E. and Russell, S. V., 2013. Greening organizational behavior: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 34(2). pp.151-155.
• Ashkanasy, N. M. and Humphrey, R. H., 2011. Current emotion research in organizational behavior. Emotion Review. 3(2). pp.214-224.
• Avey, J. B., Palanski, M. E. and Walumbwa, F. O., 2011. When leadership goes unnoticed: The moderating role of follower self-esteem on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower behavior. Journal of Business Ethics. 98(4). pp.573-582.
• Bolino, M. C. and et. al., 2013. Exploring the dark side of organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 34(4). pp.542-559.
• Carpenter, N. C., Berry, C. M. and Houston, L., 2014. A metaanalytic comparison of selfreported and otherreported organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 35(4). pp.547-574.
• Choi, M., 2011. Employees' attitudes toward organizational change: A literature review. Human Resource Management. 50(4). pp.479-500.
• Colquitt, J. and et. al., 2011. Organizational behavior: Improving performance and commitment in the workplace. McGraw-Hill Irwin.
• Demir, M., 2011. Effects of organizational justice, trust and commitment on employees' deviant behavior. Anatolia. 22(2). pp.204-221.
• Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016. Human safety and risk management. Crc Press.
• Wagner and et. al., 2012. Lost sleep and cyberloafing: Evidence from the laboratory and a daylight saving time quasi-experiment. Journal of Applied Psychology. 97(5), p.1068.
• Ates, A. and Bititci, U., 2011. Change process: a key enabler for building resilient SMEs. International Journal of Production Research. 49(18). pp.5601-5618.

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