Taxation

Question 1

Advice to Mr. Desai

Trade refers to the process of buying or selling goods and services and it requires manual skills and special training to trade. Vocation is also considered as a trade as various assets are purchased and sold by individuals in order to generate profit. It is a hobby of collecting various things and than selling them for earning profit some people thinks that it is not a trade as it is not done on regular basis (Hatfield, 2015).

According to HMRC trade can be defined as a activity in which different assets, goods and services are bought and sold by individuals for the purpose of getting higher amount of profits. Vocation is also a type of trade as it is concerned with the buying and selling activities of different type of assets. From the above statement it can be analysed that Mr Desai's vocation can be termed as a trade as various antiques are collected and restored by him and all of therm are sold for the purpose of generating profits. Following six types of badges can support the above mentioned statement:

Profit seeking motive: If assets are purchased and sold for the purpose of generating profit than it will be considered as trade. As various transactions are repeated by Mr Desai that are of same nature hence, it has been analysed that profits were trading profits and will be taxable as such type of profits.

The nature of asset: As personal assets are purchased by Mr Desai and it was done on a short term basis in order to realise profit. There is an adventure in nature of trade and the business or vocation will be considered as trade.

Changes to the assets: If any modifications or changes in the assets are made by the owner of the assets to make it more marketable than the vocation will be considered as trade.

The source of finance: As antique items are generating higher amount of profits for Mr. Desai hence there are considered as source of finance and vocation of him will be treated as trade (Kennedy, 2018).

Method of acquisition: If an asset acquired in the form of gift than it will not be treated as trade but if the asset is acquired at market than it will be considered as trade.

Interval of time between purchase and sale: The length of time an asset is held is an important indicator of trade. As assets are kept by Mr Desai than his vocation will be treated as trade.

According to the case of Routledge vs CIR 1929, a person has visited to Germany for a business trip and he bought one million toilet rolls. While returning to UK all the papers are sold for the purpose of generating profits. The profit was huge so the activity was considered as a trade according to the judgement of HMRC. It has also been decided that the purchase was not made for investment purpose.

Question 2

Tax evasion and avoidance

Difference between tax evasion and avoidance

According to Amy Blumsom tax evasion and avoidance both are different from each other. Tax avoidance refers to the exploitation of legal tax system so that tax liabilities get reduced (Difference between tax evasion and avoidance, 2013). Tax evasion is an activity which is performed by individuals to escape form tax illegally. The differences are explained below:

From the above statement it can be analysed that Mr Desai is responsible for tax evasion as he is not declaring his earnings to the tax authority of UK which has been generated by selling the antiques that have been collected and restored by him. It is a hobby of Mr Desai to collect and restore the antiques that's why he does not consider the vocation as trade. The purchase and sales is done by him to for the purpose of acquiring a profit hence it will be treated as trading and he is liable to pay taxes on all the amount which has been received while selling items.

Measure that may be taken by HMRC

HMRC stands for Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs which is a non ministerial department of UK who is liable to collect taxes from individuals. If an individual is responsible for tax evasion in UK than HMRC can send him to jail for up to three years and a fine up to 250000. tax evasion is an illegal activity hence all the persons who are responsible for the same will be treated strictly by HMRC.

Question 3

Advice for expenditures and incomes and calculation of trading profits

Expenditures are allowed or not

The general rule for expenditures is that the expenses that are not wholly and exclusively for the purpose of trade are not allowed (Allowed or disallowed expenses, 2018).

1. The sum of £1500 is not allowed as the loan cannot be recorded in the income and expenditures account.
2. The amount of £4200 was spent on installing the new windows is allowed expense as it will be considered as repair.
3. A amount of £250 which has been paid to the son of Mr. Desai who works in the firm part time is allowed.
4. Depreciation is allowed to record it in Income and expenditures account as it is a indirect expenses so the amount of £3500 is allowable.
5. Legal fees of worth £286 is allowable expenses as it has been spent for the renewal of the lease.

Explanation for allowed or disallowed expenses

While calculating adjusted trading profit the amount of £1500 is not allowed as loans are not recorded in income and expenses account they are recorded in balance sheet hence it will be added to the trading profit which has been provided by the client. Repair expenses are allowed to record in income and expenditure account as their nature is indirect. Amount of £4200 will neither deducted nor added to the trading profit as it is a fair expense and allowed for Mr Desai as it was spent by him on repair of damaged windows of the factory (Niebylski and et. al., 2015). According to business entity concept the business and businessman both are separate and personal expenses of him will not be recorded in the accounts but if any salary or wages are provided for the services than it is allowed. As £250 is provided to the son of Mr Desai for his work there is no treatment for this transaction as it is allowed. All the indirect expanses are recorded in income and expenditures account and depreciation is an example of such expanses. The amount of £3500 is allowed and there is no adjustment for this transaction because it has been assumed that the car mush be used for business purpose. Legal expenses are allowed in the business as £286 has been paid for the renewal of the lease on new office premises hence this amount will not be adjusted (Weber, Fooken and Herrmann, 2014).

calculation of trading profit for Mr. Desai:

From the above table it can be analysed that trading profits for the client is £9600 which has been calculated by deducting the disallowed expenses and the loss of repair cost of £4000.

Question 4

Value added tax

VAT: It stands for value added tax which is mostly calculated on quarterly basis. It is also known as goods and service tax in different countries.

When to register for VAT

According to HMRC which is the tax collection authority of UK the individuals should register for VAT after one month when their profits cross the limit of £85000. As the profits of Mr. Desai are crossing the limit in the month of November hence it is essential for him to register for VAT till 31 December 2017 as it is required to register after one month of crossing the profits (Rose and Karran, 2018).

For Mr Desai it is required to report HMRC when the decided level of profits achieved by him. As it is important to notify HMRC at the time when organisations or individuals reaches to the decided level of profit.

When to submit quarterly VAT liability

According to HMRC all the individuals have to submit quarterly VAT liability is the one month and seven days after the end of VAT period. The VAT period is 1 January to 31 March. It is same for Mr Desai to submit VAT liability at the same time (Wallace, 2015).

Benefits of benefit of Flat scheme

There are various benefits of this scheme as it help to manage the cash flows effectively, guide to keep the record easily etc. It was mainly designed to simplify the VAT return process for small businesses. It is very beneficial for Mr. Desai as it may help to manage the cash flow of the firm and provide an ease in the VAT management process. It is mainly used to fix the VAT percentage so that a particular amount can be paid on whole turnover.

Action needs to be taken when customers make defaults in payments

Every businessman have to face different type of challenges like sudden expenses, lack of credit availability etc. while running a business. Mr. Desai is also facing a problem which is defaults by customers in payments. It is suggested to the clients that all the credit policies needs to be tighten, make effective strategies to recover the amount of bad debts and ignore to provide credit to such clients who are not good in making payments on time (Timmons and Garfias, 2015).

Conclusion

From the above project report it has been concluded that it a liability of every individual to pay tax on the income as it is very important is someone is not paying the tax than it may be considered as illegal activity and legal authorities may take strict action against them. Tax evasion is an activity in which individuals try to escape form tax liability in illegal way. In trading goods, services and assets are bought and sold by individuals and if a person is buying assets as a hobby but selling them for the purpose of gaining profit than it will not be considered as vocation it will be treated as a trade.

References

• Brownlee, W. E., 2016. Federal Taxation in America. Cambridge University Press.
• Hatfield, J. W., 2015. Federalism, taxation, and economic growth. Journal of Urban Economics. 87. pp.114-125.
• Kennedy, W., 2018. English Taxation, 1640-1799: An Essay on Policy and Opinion. Routledge.
• Niebylski, M. L. and et. al., 2015. Healthy food subsidies and unhealthy food taxation: A systematic review of the evidence. Nutrition. 31(6). pp.787-795.
• Rose, R. and Karran, T., 2018. Taxation by political inertia: Financing the growth of government in Britain. Routledge.
• Timmons, J. F. and Garfias, F., 2015. Revealed corruption, taxation, and fiscal accountability: Evidence from Brazil. World Development. 70. pp.13-27.
• Wallace, S. L., 2015. Taxation in Egypt from Augustus to Diocletian. Princeton University Press.
• Weber, T. O., Fooken, J. and Herrmann, B., 2014. Behavioural economics and taxation (No. 41). Directorate General Taxation and Customs Union, European Commission.

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